Methods. A total of 232 patients [71% male, 65 ± 10 years, 63% New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV, ejection fraction (EF) 30 ± 9%] with HF received 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24-hr UNa) assessments and were divided into
two groups using a cut-off value of 3 g 24-hr UNa. Symptom burden, including the frequency and severity of heart failure
symptoms, was assessed according to the modified Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Heart Failure with a higher score
indicating a greater symptom burden. Cardiac event-free survival over a 12-month period was determined by reviewing medical
records.