Stephen K. Bailey interpreted Appleby's remarks to mean that administrators needed an understending of the moral ambiguity of public policies, a recognition of the moral priorities and paradoxes of the public service, and the moral qualities of optimism, courage, and fairness tempered by charity Many more recent writings have followed in this tradition of elaborating the administrator's sense of democratic responsibility.For example,patrick Dobel(1990)suggests that the administrator's integrity involves several different justifications for the exercise of discretion.