This grain chain is a value-adding sequence. In the case of a pastry (like the one in Figure 1(a)), which may have cost about
US$3, the major component (flour) came from the processing of about US$0.03 worth of grain (based on the per-ton price of
wheat). The value addition from the farm gate to the pastry shop or patisserie was 100-fold. In the case of a pastry bought in
some countries, this sequence may occur over long distances involving rail and sea transport from farm production to the sites
of processing and retail sale.