Physical Activity is assessed with two instruments: the Yale Physical Activity Scale (YPAS) [33] and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [34]. The YPAS evaluates the amount of physical activity engaged in during “the past week”. The measure has two sections, and scores provide eight indices of physical activity. Section one contains three checklists (work, recreation, exercise), and section two includes categorical responses to assess participation in three dimensions (vigorous activity, low intensity walking, and general moving around). It estimates total weekly physical activity by asking participants to indicate the number of hours per day spent in various types of physical activity. An index of total time in physical activities is created by summing time spent in all activities in the YPAS checklist. An energy expenditure summary index is created by multiplying the amount of time spent in each activity by an intensity code, and then summing for all activities. Indices for five specific activity dimensions are created by multiplying the frequency score by the duration score, and then multiplying by a final weighting factor for vigorous activity questions, leisurely walking, moving, standing and sitting questions. A final total activity dimension score is created by summing across the five individual indices. The IPAQ is a seven-item measure that evaluates the amount of physical activity engaged in during the last seven days. It was developed to assess health-related vigorous and moderate-intensity physical activity as well as sedentary behaviors in adults over a one week period. It estimates total weekly physical activity by asking participants to indicate the number of hours and minutes per day spent in various types of physical activity. The amount of time spent in each activity is multiplied by the average metabolic equivalent (METs, or kcal/kg/hr) of each category and summed to calculate energy expenditure as kcal/kg/minutes/week. The IPAQ’s reliability and validity has been well established in diverse populations, including multiple age groups.