Box 1: Standard definitions of assault types
More serious wounding: Injury resulting in permanent disability or permanent loss of
sensory function; injury that results in more than minor permanent, visible disfigurement;
broken or displaced limbs or bones (including fractured skull); compound fractures,
broken cheek bone, jaw or ribs, etc; injuries that cause substantial loss of blood, usually
necessitating a blood transfusion; injuries resulting in lengthy treatment or incapacity
Less serious wounding: Loss or breaking of tooth or teeth; temporary loss of sensory
functions (including loss of consciousness); extensive or multiple bruising; displaced
broken nose; minor fractures; minor but not merely superficial cuts
Common assault: Grazes; scratches; abrasions; minor bruising; swellings; reddening of
the skin; superficial cuts; a “black eye” as well as . . . assault resulting in no injury
Box 2: Sociodemographic and geographical variables used to cluster most similar cities
Percentage of young men (aged 16-24)
Percentage of minority ethnic population
Percentage of single adult households
Percentage of single parent households
Percentage of student households
Percentage of residents living at a different address one year before the 1991 census
Percentage of local authority housing, plus new town renters and housing associations
Percentage of terraced housing
Percentage of overcrowding
Population sparsity
Population density
Length of A, B, and minor roads per head of population
Motorway junctions per 1000 population
Percentage of daytime population
Percentage of young male claimants of unemployment related benefits
Percentage of long term claimants of unemployment related benefits
Index of overcrowding homogeneity
Population per square kilometre
Percentage of claiming income support
Percentage of claiming family credit
Box 1: Standard definitions of assault types
More serious wounding: Injury resulting in permanent disability or permanent loss of
sensory function; injury that results in more than minor permanent, visible disfigurement;
broken or displaced limbs or bones (including fractured skull); compound fractures,
broken cheek bone, jaw or ribs, etc; injuries that cause substantial loss of blood, usually
necessitating a blood transfusion; injuries resulting in lengthy treatment or incapacity
Less serious wounding: Loss or breaking of tooth or teeth; temporary loss of sensory
functions (including loss of consciousness); extensive or multiple bruising; displaced
broken nose; minor fractures; minor but not merely superficial cuts
Common assault: Grazes; scratches; abrasions; minor bruising; swellings; reddening of
the skin; superficial cuts; a “black eye” as well as . . . assault resulting in no injury
Box 2: Sociodemographic and geographical variables used to cluster most similar cities
Percentage of young men (aged 16-24)
Percentage of minority ethnic population
Percentage of single adult households
Percentage of single parent households
Percentage of student households
Percentage of residents living at a different address one year before the 1991 census
Percentage of local authority housing, plus new town renters and housing associations
Percentage of terraced housing
Percentage of overcrowding
Population sparsity
Population density
Length of A, B, and minor roads per head of population
Motorway junctions per 1000 population
Percentage of daytime population
Percentage of young male claimants of unemployment related benefits
Percentage of long term claimants of unemployment related benefits
Index of overcrowding homogeneity
Population per square kilometre
Percentage of claiming income support
Percentage of claiming family credit
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