CPS Architecture
CPS can be described as smart systems that encompass computational (i.e., hardware and software) and physical
components, seamlessly integrated and closely interacting to sense the changing state of the real world (Lee and
Seshia, 2011). Cyber-physical systems are the product of a transdisciplinary engineering design process–
mechatronics–that integrates electronic, software, computer, and motor control (Suh et al., 2014). These systems
involve a high degree of complexity at numerous spatial and temporal scales and highly networked communications
integrating computational and physical components as can be seen in Figure 2.