So, first, let's talk about behaviorism. The program of behaviorism is as follows. We see this person here and we know that there's something going on in their brain here, and we know that there are emotions and feelings and thoughts that people have. There's consciousness because everyone says and knows that they are conscious. But if we're going to look systematically at why people do things. And how to motivate people to do things. We can't focus on any of those internal mental states. Why? Because they are not scientifically testable. How do you feel? Well you might know very well, but if you're explaining it to me, I'm only hearing your description of how you feel. I can't directly see how you feel. I can Take a picture or a an image of what's in your brain. But that's just the electrical signals going back and forth, I don't see the actual feelings. So the Behaviorist Program was let's restrict ourselves to what's out here. It's called the Black Box. I know this is a red box, but I don't have a black pen, so bear with me. The idea is, what's in here. What's inside the person's head is off limits. It just does what it does. Our brains work, we know they work; that's fine. What we can test scientifically, scientific method, we have a hypothesis, we get data, we test the hypothesis, we falsify it. And through that process, we advance knowledge. The idea is what we an test is basically what goes in, what's coming in from the outside and what comes out. What does the person do? So that was the task that behaviorism set for itself. And in many ways it was extremely successful. Many very powerful results came out of this black box approach and in many ways as we'll see, behaviorism is still relevant today. But it has real limitations, and those limitations become very apparent when we start to focus on gamification. As we'll get to later on but first let's talk about just what behaviorism says because it is still instructive for some aspects of gamification design.