The 4E model is of particular value for the task of exploring energy literacy because it explicitly recognises and targets segments of the population with different attitudes and responses to sustainability issues. These range from the uninterested and partially engaged to more concerned individuals who may be inhibited from practising more sustainable energy behaviours by lack of knowledge, structural factors or financial limitations. Students within HE institutions are likely to comprise all such groups; thus, a range of measures including more active methods (Enable and Encourage) and softer approaches (Exemplify and Engage) are likely to be needed to respond to different contexts and constraints. According to DEFRA (2005), “Enable” stresses enhancing the availability and accessibility of sustainable alternatives (and may include information provision through the formal curriculum); “Encourage” aims at reforms that, for example, improve the affordability of sustainable products and practices; “Exemplify” invites consistent action by institutions as a means of encouraging through leading by example; while “Engage” refers to actions that help create enthusiasm and commitment among different target audiences (DEFRA, 2008). The model thus facilitates exploration of the wide range of institutional activities which might impact on students’ energy literacy.