What we think of as public service, is an extension of the virtues expected of all citizens in a democracy, a point most eloquently and thoroghly captured by Terry cooper in his book An Ethic of Citizenship for Public Administration (1991). Cooper argues for the citizenship role as a basic for understanding the role ofpublic servant and, more explicitly, the role of public administrator. He begins by noting that, historically, the connection between citizenship and administration was extremely close. For example, the two oldest schools of public administration, Syracuse and the University of Southern California, began as schools of citizenship. While the field of public adminstration has drifted away from its roots in this regard, Cooper argues that public servants and public anministrators still derive their standing and legitimacy from their role as professional citizens. In this view, the public administrator is not merely a technician, a problem solver, or an employee of government. Rather, the public servant or public admianistrator is best understood as someone who extends the responsibilities of citizenship into his or her life's work. Public administrators are, in the word of Michael Walzer, "citizens in lieu of the rest of us; the common good is, so to speak, their specialty" (quoted in cooper 1991, 139).