Micronutrient deficiency in the soil, enhanced by
excessive rain or application of fertilizers, leads to
drastically reduced yields (Konkol et al., 2012). Xie et al.
(2011) noted that applications of Nitrogen (N),
Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) fertilizers affected
soil properties, where N increased corn shoot Cu
concentration and P decreased availability of Copper
(Cu) and Lead (Pb). Wozniak and Makarski (2012)
reported that 90 kg N ha−1 improved uptake of K, Iron
(Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Cu, while high rates at 150 kg N ha−1
increased concentrations of grain Manganese (Mn) in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Although P may help increase grain yield, excess
of this nutrient decreased Zn and enhanced Fe, Cu and
Mn uptake in wheat biomass (Zhang et al., 2012).
Hassan et al. (2012) observed increased P uptake in
cereal crops planted after legumes.
Deficiencies of Zn, Fe and Fe decrease wheat
yields in light soils, so application of these
micronutrients may help to increase yields of
susceptible wheat cultivars (Narwal et al., 2012).
Micronutrients Fe and Mn are important to plants, but
antagonistic relationship between these nutrients may
occur during uptake (Moosavi and Ronaghi, 2011).
Kobraee and Shamsi (2011a) noted that micronutrient
concentrations changed during growing season of
soybeans from R1 (beginning bloom) to R8 (full
maturity) stages with Fe decreasing in leaves and
stems faster than other nutrients. Micronutrients Zn,
Fe and Mn were translocated from stems to leaves and
Fe moved to seeds when soybeans were getting closer
to R8 stage (Kobraee and Shamsi, 2011b).
Nutrient availability also depends on production
practices. Ciolek et al. (2012) observed that wheat from
organic farming had greater concentrations of Mn, Fe,
Zn, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) than
conventional program. The N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu
nutrients in wheat were higher after inoculating grains
with different bacteria (Eleiwa et al., 2012).
Deficiency of Zn is a common problem in different
regions (Ghandilyan et al., 2012). Optimum soybean
yield can be obtained when Zn and P concentrations
in the soil are greater than extension recommendations
(Anthony et al., 2012a). Han et al. (2011) added that
soybean growth was mostly positively correlated with
Zn fertilizer. Soybean yield increased with Zn
fertilization, even in soils at above critical levels, so
recommendations for Zn need to be revised
(Inocencio et al., 2012).
Sulfur (S) and Fe affected Zn and Cu uptake in wheat
grain (Wang et al., 2013). Nadim et al. (2012) pointed
out that wheat production was improved with Boron (B)
and Fe fertilization. Beside foliar sprays, seed coatings
also improved Zn uptake and soybean yields (Han et al.,
2011). Guareschi et al. (2011) reported that polymer
coating of superphosphate and potassium chloride 15
days prior to planting increased dry matter and grain
yields while no significant differences were reported
with polymer applications at planting. According to De
Figueiredo et al. (2012), polymer-coated
Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) increased corn
production. Additionally, seed coatings with
temperature-activated polymer may help to protect seeds
against cold soils (Gesch et al., 2012).
Growers need to better understand factors, which
affect soybean yield variability (Anthony et al., 2012a).
Anthony et al. (2012b) noted that fertilizer
recommendations rely on estimating nutrients supplied
and immobilized in the soil, which is important for sitespecific nutrient management. Micronutrients use in the
fertilization program becomes a common practice on
farms, but it is important to conduct more studies
(Goncalves et al., 2011). There is a need to determine
required micronutrient concentrations in soils and plants
for soils with likely deficiencies (Hitsuda et al., 2010).
Little research focused on seed polymer nutrient coating
in soybeans under dryland environments and mostly
insufficient rainfall. According to De Figueiredo et al.
(2012), polymer-coated fertilizer need to be evaluated
for improving efficiency of nutrients. Therefore,
objective of this study was to evaluate polymer
micronutrient seed coating on soybeans under dryland
conditions in Southeastern Coastal Plains.
Micronutrient deficiency in the soil, enhanced byexcessive rain or application of fertilizers, leads todrastically reduced yields (Konkol et al., 2012). Xie et al.(2011) noted that applications of Nitrogen (N),Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) fertilizers affectedsoil properties, where N increased corn shoot Cuconcentration and P decreased availability of Copper(Cu) and Lead (Pb). Wozniak and Makarski (2012)reported that 90 kg N ha−1 improved uptake of K, Iron(Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Cu, while high rates at 150 kg N ha−1increased concentrations of grain Manganese (Mn) inwheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Although P may help increase grain yield, excessof this nutrient decreased Zn and enhanced Fe, Cu andMn uptake in wheat biomass (Zhang et al., 2012).Hassan et al. (2012) observed increased P uptake incereal crops planted after legumes.Deficiencies of Zn, Fe and Fe decrease wheatyields in light soils, so application of thesemicronutrients may help to increase yields ofsusceptible wheat cultivars (Narwal et al., 2012).Micronutrients Fe and Mn are important to plants, butantagonistic relationship between these nutrients mayoccur during uptake (Moosavi and Ronaghi, 2011).Kobraee and Shamsi (2011a) noted that micronutrientconcentrations changed during growing season ofsoybeans from R1 (beginning bloom) to R8 (fullmaturity) stages with Fe decreasing in leaves andstems faster than other nutrients. Micronutrients Zn,Fe and Mn were translocated from stems to leaves andFe moved to seeds when soybeans were getting closerto R8 stage (Kobraee and Shamsi, 2011b).Nutrient availability also depends on productionpractices. Ciolek et al. (2012) observed that wheat fromorganic farming had greater concentrations of Mn, Fe,Zn, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) thanconventional program. The N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cunutrients in wheat were higher after inoculating grainswith different bacteria (Eleiwa et al., 2012).Deficiency of Zn is a common problem in differentregions (Ghandilyan et al., 2012). Optimum soybeanyield can be obtained when Zn and P concentrationsin the soil are greater than extension recommendations(Anthony et al., 2012a). Han et al. (2011) added thatsoybean growth was mostly positively correlated withZn fertilizer. Soybean yield increased with Znfertilization, even in soils at above critical levels, sorecommendations for Zn need to be revised(Inocencio et al., 2012).Sulfur (S) and Fe affected Zn and Cu uptake in wheatgrain (Wang et al., 2013). Nadim et al. (2012) pointedout that wheat production was improved with Boron (B)and Fe fertilization. Beside foliar sprays, seed coatingsalso improved Zn uptake and soybean yields (Han et al.,2011). Guareschi et al. (2011) reported that polymercoating of superphosphate and potassium chloride 15days prior to planting increased dry matter and grainyields while no significant differences were reportedwith polymer applications at planting. According to DeFigueiredo et al. (2012), polymer-coatedMonoammonium Phosphate (MAP) increased cornproduction. Additionally, seed coatings withtemperature-activated polymer may help to protect seedsagainst cold soils (Gesch et al., 2012).Growers need to better understand factors, whichaffect soybean yield variability (Anthony et al., 2012a).Anthony et al. (2012b) noted that fertilizerrecommendations rely on estimating nutrients suppliedand immobilized in the soil, which is important for sitespecific nutrient management. Micronutrients use in thefertilization program becomes a common practice onfarms, but it is important to conduct more studies(Goncalves et al., 2011). There is a need to determinerequired micronutrient concentrations in soils and plantsfor soils with likely deficiencies (Hitsuda et al., 2010).Little research focused on seed polymer nutrient coatingin soybeans under dryland environments and mostlyinsufficient rainfall. According to De Figueiredo et al.(2012), polymer-coated fertilizer need to be evaluatedfor improving efficiency of nutrients. Therefore,objective of this study was to evaluate polymermicronutrient seed coating on soybeans under drylandconditions in Southeastern Coastal Plains.
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