a. Reflux apparatus, consisting of 500- or 250-mL erlenmeyer flasks with ground-glass
24/40 neck and 300-mm jacket Liebig, West, or equivalent condenser with 24/40 ground-glass
joint, and a hot plate having sufficient power to produce at least 1.4 W/cm2 of heating surface, or
equivalent.
b. Blender.
c. Pipets, Class A and wide-bore