Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) i

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a subtype of recurrent depressive or bipolar disorder that is characterized by regular onset and remission of affective episodes at the same time of the year. The aim of the present study was to provide epidemiological data and data on the socioeconomic impact of SAD in the general population of Austria.
METHODS:
We conducted a computer-assisted telephone interview in 910 randomly selected subjects (577 females and 333 males) using the Seasonal Health Questionnaire (SHQ), the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Telephone numbers were randomly drawn from all Austrian telephone books and transformed using the random last digits method. The last birthday method was employed to choose the target person for the interviews.
RESULTS:
Out of our subjects, 2.5% fulfilled criteria for the seasonal pattern specifier according to DSM-5 and 2.4% (95% CI=1.4-3.5%) were diagnosed with SAD. When applying the ICD-10 criteria 1.9% (95% CI=0.9-2.8%) fulfilled SAD diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of fall-winter depression according to the Kasper-Rosenthal criteria was determined to be 3.5%. The criteria was fulfilled by 15.1% for subsyndromal SAD (s-SAD). We did not find any statistically significant gender differences in prevalence rates. When using the DSM-5 as a gold standard for the diagnosis of SAD, diagnosis derived from the SPAQ yielded a sensitivity of 31.8% and a specificity of 97.2%. Subjects with SAD had significantly higher scores on the SDS and higher rates of sick leave and days with reduced productivity than healthy subjects.
CONCLUSIONS:
Prevalence estimates for SAD with the SHQ are lower than with the SPAQ. Our data are indicative of the substantial burden of disease and the socioeconomic impact of SAD. This epidemiological data shows a lack of gender differences in SAD prevalence. The higher rates of females in clinical SAD samples might, at least in part, be explained by lower help seeking behaviour in males.

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

季节性情感障碍（悲伤）是一种亚型的复发性抑郁或双相情感障碍，其特征在于，在同一时间，在同一时间的经常性发作和缓解的情感发作。本研究的目的是提供流行病学数据和数据的社会经济影响的悲伤在奥地利的一般人口。方法：我们随机选择910名受试者进行计算机辅助电话访问（577名女性和333名男性）使用季节性健康问卷（SHQ），季节性模式评估问卷（SPAQ），和希恩残疾量表（SDS）。电话号码是从所有奥地利的电话簿中随机抽取，并用随机数字方法进行变换。最后一个生日方法被用来选择目标的人进行面试。结果：从我们的主题，2.5%符合季节性规律的说明符根据DSM-5和2.4%标准（95% CI = 1.4-3.5 %）被诊断出患有悲伤。应用ICD-10诊断标准1.9%（95% CI = 0.9-2.8 %）完成了悲伤的诊断标准。确定为3.5%是根据卡斯帕罗森塔尔标准的秋冬季抑郁症患病率。的标准是满足15.1%次伤心（S-SAD）。我们没有发现任何统计上显着的性别差异的患病率。当使用DSM-5对SAD的诊断的金标准，诊断来自SPAQ取得了31.8%的敏感性和97.2%的特异性。受试者有悲伤有显着更高的分数的抑郁和病假天数和较高的速度比健康受试者的生产力降低。结论：以SHQ悲伤患病率估计低于与SPAQ。我们的数据表明，疾病的实质性负担和悲伤的社会经济影响。这种流行病学的数据显示，在悲伤的患病率缺乏性别差异。女性在临床悲伤样本中的较高比例，至少部分地，被解释为在男性的帮助下寻求行为。