INTRODUCTIONTraditional clinical de

INTRODUCTION
Traditional clinical definitions of recovery are associated with
individuals returning to a prior state of “normality” or with a
“cure”. In the context of mental health disorders, historically
this has been viewed as a remission of symptoms and a return
to normal behavioral functioning. More recent conceptualizations
of recovery have been referred to as “personal
recovery” (Slade, 2009). This shifts the meaning of recovery
towards a process that a person uses to achieve a satisfying
life beyond the limitations that are caused by a mental illness
(Anthony, 1993). Recovery is less about getting rid of the
symptoms or problems and more about developing a greater
hopefulness,meaning, and purpose in life and a positive sense
of identity beyond that associated with having a mental
illness. Personal recovery has been described as a journey
that is about growth and as taking control of, and responsibility
for, one’s life (Andresen et al., 2003).
There is a range of barriers to supporting persons in
their personal recovery. In Thailand, a qualitative study by
Sanseeha et al. (2009) reported that schizophrenia was
viewed as a chronic and incurable disorder. Persons who have
been diagnosed with schizophrenia are stigmatized and discriminated
against in this society. Thus, stigma might be a
barrier to individuals with schizophrenia having the opportunity
to develop the valued social roles or more positive
identity that would be considered essential to their personal
recovery.
There has been a strong desire by Thailand’s Department
of Mental Health to promote recovery among persons who
have been diagnosed with a mental illness. In the 1970s,
mental health services were integrated into the public health
system (Siriwanarangsan et al., 2004). Since then, the health
system has been redesigned into four levels: family, primary
care service, secondary care service, and tertiary care service
(Department of Mental Health, 2008). Mental health services
at the family and primary care levels are focused on mental
heath promotion and prevention, while those at the secondary
and tertiary care levels mainly relate to treatment and
rehabilitation (Department of Mental Health, 2008). In addition,
a referral system is provided for transferring consumers
with complicated disorders to specialized care facilities. The
cost of mental health care is covered by the national universal
healthcare scheme (Department of Mental Health, 2008).
In 2005, the Department of Mental Health revised the
national mental health policy, prioritizing the improvement
of accessibility to mental health services, promotion of
consumer involvement, and improvement in the quality of
life among persons who are living with mental disorders
(Ministry of Public Health, 2006). Increasing consumerinvolvement and quality of life are both consistent with
recent international efforts to promote recovery-oriented
services (Anthony, 2000; Farkas, 2007).
In order to facilitate a recovery from schizophrenia, there
is a need to understand the views of mental health professionals
about the nature of recovery. Internationally, there
has been an effort to identify the factors that are involved in
the recovery from schizophrenia. A number of factors has
been identified as facilitating recovery, such as hope, illness
acceptance, self-responsibility (Smith, 2000; Tooth et al.,
2003), optimal treatment (Resnick et al., 2004), and supportive
environments (Smith, 2000). In contrast, stigma towards
mental illness (Smith, 2000) and unwanted side-effects of
medication (Tooth et al., 2003) have been reported as the
barriers to recovery.
The concept of psychological recovery is relatively new for
Thai mental health nurses and the empirical research around
the concept of recovery from mental illness is limited. Providing
evidence about what Thai nurses view as the factors
that are involved in recovery from schizophrenia will contribute
to the improvement in recovery-oriented nursing practice
for persons who are diagnosed with schizophrenia.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

介绍
传统临床复苏的定义与
个人回到之前的状态的“正常”或“治愈”一
。在精神疾病的历史背景，
这一直被看作是一个缓解症状和正常行为功能恢复
。最近的概念化
恢复已被称为“个人
恢复”（斯莱德，2009）。这将恢复
走向的过程，一个人使用，以达到满意的
超出由精神病
局限性生活的意义（安东尼，1993）。恢复不摆脱了
症状或问题和更多的关于发展的更大的
满怀希望，意义，和生活的目的和积极意义
身份之外，有一个心理
疾病相关的。个人恢复已被描述为一个旅程
是生长和控制，和责任
，人的一生（安德烈森等。，2003）。
有一系列在
个人恢复支持人的障碍。在泰国，由
sanseeha等人的定性研究。（2009）报告说，精神分裂症是
视为一种无法治愈的慢性疾病。谁有
被诊断为患有精神分裂症的人被污名化和歧视的
反对在这个社会。因此，柱头可能是一个
障碍，精神分裂症患者有机会
开发价值的社会角色，或更积极的
身份将被认为是必不可少的个人

恢复。有一个强烈的愿望，由泰国的部门
心理健康促进的人之间的
恢复已被诊断患有精神病的。在上世纪70年代，
精神卫生服务纳入公共卫生
系统（siriwanarangsan等人。，2004）。自那时以来，健康
体系进行了重新设计为四个层次：家庭，主要
保健服务，二级医疗服务，和三级医疗服务
（心理健康，2008部）。心理健康服务
在家庭和初级保健水平的重点是心理
健康促进和预防，而那些在二级和三级医疗水平
主要与治疗和
康复（心理健康，2008部）。此外，
转诊系统是为消费者
转移复杂疾病的专业护理设施。精神卫生保健的
费用按国家通用
医疗方案（心理健康，2008部）。
2005，其心理健康部门修订
国家精神卫生政策的优先次序，可达性的提高
精神卫生服务，促进消费者参与的
，和改善生活质量的
人精神病患者生活在
（卫生部，2006）。增加consumerinvolvement和生活质量都是一致的
最近的国际努力促进面向恢复的
服务（安东尼，2000；Farkas，2007）。
为了促进精神分裂症的恢复，有
是一个需要了解的心理健康专业人员
大约恢复的自然观。在国际上，有
一直努力确定涉及的因素在
精神分裂症康复。许多因素有
被确定为促进恢复，如希望，疾病
验收，自我责任（Smith，2000；齿等。
，2003），最佳的处理（雷斯尼克等人。，2004），和支持
环境（史密斯，2000）。相反，对
心理疾病污名（史密斯，2000）和
药物有害的副作用（齿等人。，2003）已被报道为复苏的
障碍。
心理康复的概念是相对较新的
泰国护士心理健康和周围
实证研究精神疾病的恢复的概念是有限的。提供
什么泰国护理观为因素
都参与了精神分裂症的证据将有助于恢复
为人诊断为精神分裂症的护理实践
面向恢复的改进。