Interest in breeding grain crops wi

Interest in breeding grain crops with improved weed suppressive ability is growing in response to the evolution and rapid expansion of herbicide resistant populations in major weeds of economic importance, environmental concerns, and the unmet needs of organic producers and smallholder farmers without access to herbicides. This review is focused on plant breeding for weed suppression; specifically, field and laboratory screening protocols, genetic studies, and breeding efforts that have been undertaken to improve allelopathy and competition in rice, wheat, and barley. The combined effects of allelopathy and competition determine the weed suppressive potential of a given cultivar, and research groups worldwide have been working to improve both traits simultaneously to achieve maximum gains in weed suppression. Both allelopathy and competitive ability are complex, quantitatively inherited traits that are heavily influenced by environmental factors. Thus, good experimental design and sound breeding procedures are essential to achieve genetic gains. Weed suppressive rice cultivars are now commercially available in the U.S. and China that have resulted from three decades of research. Furthermore, a strong foundation has been laid during the past 10 years for the breeding of weed suppressive wheat and barley cultivars.
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ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

在培育粮食作物与杂草的抑制能力提高兴趣是响应和在经济上的重要性，主要杂草的除草剂抗性种群的快速扩张的演变日益严重的环境问题，以及有机生产者和小农没有除草剂的未满足的需求。这篇评论的重点是抑制杂草的植物育种；具体来说，现场和实验室筛查方法，遗传研究和育种，已进行了完善化感作用在水稻，小麦和大麦的竞争力度。组合化感作用和竞争决定了某一品种的杂草的抑制潜力，和世界各地的研究小组一直致力于改善这两个性状的同时，以达到最大限度地提高杂草抑制。无论是化感作用和竞争能力是复杂的，数量遗传性状是由环境因素的严重影响。因此，良好的实验设计和健全的育种程序是必不可少的，以实现遗传增益。目前在美国和中国已经有了三年的商业化，而这些杂草对水稻品种有商业上的商业化。此外，在过去的10年中，一个强大的基础已经奠定了杂草的抑制小麦和大麦品种的育种。