A number of other perspectives on managing the workers’ behavior have
also emerged and gained recognition. It has been argued, for example, that
group norms and behaviors influence individual behavior (e.g., Asch 1951;
Homans 1954; Lewin 1951; Sherif 1936; Whyte 1943). These theorists suggest
that human beings are social, and readily form groups both inside and
outside of organizations. These groups create norms, roles, and expectations
for members that both meet individuals’ needs for affiliation and belongingness,
but also require a level of conformity in order to maintain membership.
Accordingly, work groups, both formal and informal, create a normative
context for our behavior in organizations. Mary Parker Follett, for example,
argued that group dynamics and the motivations of the individual should
form the basis of administration. Rather than simply responding to orders,
managers and workers should define administrative problems jointly, and
respond accordingly—taking their “orders” from the circumstances. She
wrote in 1926, “One person should not give orders to another person, but
both should agree to take their orders from the situation” (quoted in Shafritzand Hyde 1997, 56). Still other theorists looked at how individual characteristics
influence organizational behavior such as those who emphasize
the life stage of workers (Schott 1986) or personality characteristics (e.g.,Myers Briggs or similar inventories). Power and politics, once the province
of political scientists and philosophers, have also been used as a lens for
understanding human behavior in organizations (French and Raven 1959;
Kotter 1977; Pfeffer 1981).
A number of other perspectives on managing the workers’ behavior have
also emerged and gained recognition. It has been argued, for example, that
group norms and behaviors influence individual behavior (e.g., Asch 1951;
Homans 1954; Lewin 1951; Sherif 1936; Whyte 1943). These theorists suggest
that human beings are social, and readily form groups both inside and
outside of organizations. These groups create norms, roles, and expectations
for members that both meet individuals’ needs for affiliation and belongingness,
but also require a level of conformity in order to maintain membership.
Accordingly, work groups, both formal and informal, create a normative
context for our behavior in organizations. Mary Parker Follett, for example,
argued that group dynamics and the motivations of the individual should
form the basis of administration. Rather than simply responding to orders,
managers and workers should define administrative problems jointly, and
respond accordingly—taking their “orders” from the circumstances. She
wrote in 1926, “One person should not give orders to another person, but
both should agree to take their orders from the situation” (quoted in Shafritzand Hyde 1997, 56). Still other theorists looked at how individual characteristics
influence organizational behavior such as those who emphasize
the life stage of workers (Schott 1986) or personality characteristics (e.g.,Myers Briggs or similar inventories). Power and politics, once the province
of political scientists and philosophers, have also been used as a lens for
understanding human behavior in organizations (French and Raven 1959;
Kotter 1977; Pfeffer 1981).
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