Only by making the administrative machinery adhere to democratic
norms and principles could this threat be addressed. This requires not only
expanding the role of citizens in policy administration, but it also requires
reforming the administrative process itself. As suggested by Levitan “a
democratic state must not only be based on democratic principles but also
democratically administered, the democratic philosophy permeating its
administrative machinery” (1943, 359). Waldo was even more direct in his
criticism of hierarchy and bureaucratic control and his hope for reform, saying
that what was needed was: