ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA: CAUSES AND TREAT

ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA:
CAUSES AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

What is enamel hypoplasia?








What does enamel hypoplasia look
like?









What causes enamel hypoplasia?










What are the treatment options for
enamel hypoplasia?









Breakdown adjacent Stainless steel
to composite filling. crowns.

Enamel hypoplasia (EH) is a defect in tooth enamel
that results in less quantity of enamel than normal.
The defect can be a small pit or dent in the tooth or
can be so widespread that the entire tooth is small
and/or mis-shaped. This type of defect may cause
tooth sensitivity, may be unsightly or may be more
susceptible to dental cavities. Some genetic disorders
cause all the teeth to have enamel hypoplasia.

EH can occur on any tooth or on multiple teeth. It
can appear white, yellow or brownish in color with a
rough or pitted surface. In some cases, the quality of
the enamel is affected as well as the quantity.







Environmental and genetic factors that interfere with
tooth formation are thought to be responsible for EH.
This includes trauma to the teeth and jaws, intubation
of premature infants, infections during pregnancy or
infancy, poor pre-natal and post-natal nutrition,
hypoxia, exposure to toxic chemicals and a variety of
hereditary disorders. Frequently, the cause of EH in
a particular child is difficult to determine.



Treatment options depend on the severity of the EH
on a particular tooth and the symptoms associated
with it. The most conservative treatment consists of
bonding a tooth colored material to the tooth to
protect it from further wear or sensitivity. In some
cases, the nature of the enamel prevents formation of
an acceptable bond. Less conservative treatment
options, but frequently necessary include use of
stainless steel crowns, permanent cast crowns or
extraction of affected teeth and replacement with a
bridge or implant.
ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA - TREATMENT OPTIONS

Treatment of teeth with enamel hypoplasia must be determined on an individual basis in
consultation with the child’s pediatric or family dentist. The following treatment options are based
on the available literature and the experiences of faculty members in our department and should be
adapted to meet the needs of each patient.

Treatment for posterior teeth:
1. For sensitive teeth with minimal wear, you may apply SuperSeal (Phoenix Dental Inc.) or
another desensitizing agent (such as potassium nitrate) as needed.
2. For mildly hypoplastic molars, place pit and fissure sealant on the occlusal surface.
- at 6 month re-evaluation, if sealant is lost, go to step 2
3. Remove demineralized enamel and restore with composite.
- at 6 month re-evaluation, if composite is lost, either replace using good isolation
techniques or go to step 3
4. Perform minimal reduction of tooth and cement a stainless steel crown
- evaluate clinically and radiographically as indicated
5. For permanent molars, stainless steel crowns are intended for temporary use only. These
teeth should be restored with a permanent cast crown in the late teen years or early
adulthood.
6. In cases where the first permanent molars are unrestorable or marginally restorable,
extraction prior to the eruption of the second molars may be a reasonable alternative.
Treatment for anterior teeth:
1. For sensitive teeth with no wear, you may apply SuperSeal (Phoenix Dental Inc.) or
another desensitizing agent (such as potassium nitrate) as needed.
2. If there are esthetic concerns, direct or indirect composite veneers may be bonded to the
affected tooth.
3. For permanent anterior teeth, composite or porcelain veneers or porcelain crowns may be
used.

References: Brook AH, Fearne JM, Smith J: Environmental causes of enamel defects. Ciba Foundation Symposium 205:212-221,
1997.
Koch MJ, Garcia-Godoy F: The clinical performance of laboratory-fabricated crowns placed on first permanent molars
with developmental defects. JADA 131:1285-1290, 2000.
Li RW: Adhesive solutions: report of a case using multiple adhesive techniques in the management of enamel
hypoplasia. Dent Update 26:277-287, 1999.
Murray JJ, Shaw L: Classification and prevalence of enamel opacities in the human deciduous and permanent
dentitions. Arch Oral Biol 24:7-13, 1979.
Quinonez R., Hoover R, Wright JT: Transitional anterior esthetic restorations for patients with enamel defects. Pediatr
Dent 22(1):65-67, 2000.
Rugg-Gunn AJ, Al Mohammadi SM, Butler TJ: Malnutrition and developmental defects of enamel in 2- to 6-year-old
Saudi boys. Caries Res 32:181-192, 1998.
Seow WK: Enamel hypoplasia in the primary dentition: a review. ASDC J Dent Child 58:441-452, 1991.
Silberman SL, Trubman A, Duncan WK, Meydrech EF: A simplified hypoplasia index. J Public Health Dent 50:282-
284, 1990.
Slayton, R.L., Warren, J.J., Kanellis, M.J., Levy, S.M. and Islam, M. Prevalence of enamel hypoplasia and isolated
opacities in the primary dentition. Pediatric Dentistry 23:32-36, 2001.
Witkop CJ, Jr.: Amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia revisited: problems in
classification. J Oral Pathol 17:547-553, 1988

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

釉质发育不全：
和治疗方案

釉质发育不全是什么原因造成的？








釉质发育不全
喜欢看什么？









釉质发育不全的原因是什么？










哪些治疗选择
釉质发育不全？分解为相邻的不锈钢复合填充的复合填充。冠。

釉质发育不全（EH）是在牙齿的珐琅质
缺陷导致釉量低于正常。这个缺陷可以是一个小坑或凹痕，可以如此广泛，整个牙齿是小的，和/或不完整的形状。这种缺陷可能会导致
牙齿敏感，可不美观或可能更
易患龋齿。一些遗传病因为所有的牙齿有牙釉质发育不全。可能发生在任何牙齿或牙齿上。它
可以呈现白色，与
粗糙或麻面色黄或褐色。在某些情况下，牙釉质的质量受到影响，以及数量。认为是影响牙齿形成的环境因素和遗传因素，是对原发性高血压的主要原因。
这包括创伤的牙齿和颌骨，气管插管的早产儿，感染在怀孕或婴儿期，产前和产后的营养，缺氧，暴露于有毒化学品和各种各样的遗传性疾病。通常，在一个特定的孩子的原因是难以确定的。治疗选择依赖于原发性高血压的严重程度在一个特定的牙齿和相关的症状，与它。最保守的治疗方法是，将牙齿颜色的材料粘结到牙齿上，以防止磨损或敏感。在某些情况下，牙釉质的性质可以防止形成一个可接受的债券。减少保守治疗的选择，但经常使用的是：使用不锈钢牙冠，永久性铸造冠或磨牙的牙体修复或置换。
釉质发育不全-治疗方案

治疗牙齿釉质发育不全必须以个人为基础确定在
咨询孩子的儿童或家庭牙医。以下的治疗方案为基础的在现有的文献和教师的经验，在我们的部门，应该是适应每个病人的需要。后牙治疗后牙1。以最小的磨损牙齿敏感，你可以申请superseal（凤凰牙科公司）或另一个
脱敏剂（如硝酸钾）的需要。2。轻度发育不全的磨牙，咬合面上的窝沟封闭。•在6个月的重新评估，如果密封胶丢失，去步骤2 - 3。拆下脱矿釉质修复复合材料。•在6个月的重新评估，如果复合材料丢失，无论是更换使用良好的隔离技术或去步骤3 - 4。进行最小限度的减少牙齿和骨水泥的不锈钢牙冠-评估临床和影像学显示
5。对于永久性的磨牙，不锈钢冠是专为临时使用。这些牙齿应该恢复与永久铸造冠在青少年时期或早期的。6。如果第一恒磨牙是一次使用或轻微恢复，
二磨牙萌出前的拔除可能是一个合理的选择。治疗前牙：1。对牙齿没有磨损，你可以申请superseal（凤凰牙科公司）或另一个
脱敏剂（如硝酸钾）的需要。2。如果有审美问题，直接或间接复合贴面可以粘结影响牙齿的
。3。对于恒前牙，复合或瓷贴面或烤瓷冠可能
使用。

参考文献：小溪啊，弗恩JM，史密斯：釉质发育缺陷的环境因素。205:212-221
Ciba基金研讨会，1997。
科赫MJ，加西亚Godoy F：实验室制造的王冠放在第一恒磨牙
发育缺陷的临床表现。该131:1285-1290，2000。
李RW：胶粘剂解决方案：在釉质发育不全的管理
采用多胶技术一例报告。更新26:277-287凹痕，1999。
默里JJ，肖L：在乳牙和永久
牙列和釉质混浊率分类。拱24:7-13口腔医学杂志，1979。昆奴尼斯
R.，胡佛R，赖特JT：牙釉质缺损患者的前体修复。小儿
凹痕，22（1）：62-65，2000。
鲁格耿AJ，穆罕默迪SM，巴特勒TJ：营养不良和2釉质发育缺陷的6岁
沙特男孩。龋病研究32:181-192，1998。
Seow周：釉质发育不全的乳牙：综述。鼎新J登特儿童58:441-452，1991。
西尔伯曼SL，trubman一，邓肯周，meydrech EF：简化的发育指数。中国公共卫生
凹痕50:282 - 284，1990。
斯莱顿，北京，沃伦，JJ，肯妮利斯，MJ，征收，SM和伊斯兰教，M.盛行的釉质发育不全和孤立的
混浊的乳牙。儿童牙科23:32-36，2001。
Witkop CJ，Jr.：釉质发育不全，牙本质发育不全，牙本质发育不良之问题
分类。口腔病理学17:547-553，1988